High dietary calcium intake and low adiposity: findings from a longitudinal study in Brazilian adolescents.

Epidemiological studies have supported the hypothesis that dietary calcium intake is protective for adiposity. This study aimed to estimate the association of dietary calcium with adiposity indicators during adolescence. This is a cohort study with high school adolescents (n = 962) from selected schools of the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which were followed from 2010 to 2012. Calcium intake was assessed by a validated self-reported food frequency questionnaire. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of dietary calcium intake were performed regarding body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (%BF), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass index (FMI), and fat-free mass index (FFMI). The analysis of variance was used for cross-sectional analysis with baseline data and linear mixed models applied to assess changes across the follow-up. At baseline, BMI, %BF, fat mass, and FMI (p for trend < 0.05) had lower means at the highest quintile of calcium intake whereas FFM and FFMI had higher means (p for trend < 0.05), especially for boys. During follow-up, boys had decreased FMI at the 4th and 5th quintiles of calcium intake (p < 0.05); among girls, only WC was significantly lower at the 4th quintile than in the 1st. These results support the hypothesis that low calcium intake increases adiposity among adolescents.

High dietary calcium intake and low adiposity: findings from a longitudinal study in Brazilian adolescents / Ingestão alta de cálcio na dieta e adiposidade baixa: achados de um estudo longitudinal em adolescentes brasileiros / Alta ingesta de calcio en la dieta y baja adiposidad: hallazgos de un estudio longitudinal en adolescentes brasileños

Epidemiological studies have supported the hypothesis that dietary calcium intake is protective for adiposity. This study aimed to estimate the association of dietary calcium with adiposity indicators during adolescence. This is a cohort study with high school adolescents (n = 962) from selected schools of the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which were followed from 2010 to 2012. Calcium intake was assessed by a validated self-reported food frequency questionnaire. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of dietary calcium intake were performed regarding body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (%BF), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass index (FMI), and fat-free mass index (FFMI). The analysis of variance was used for cross-sectional analysis with baseline data and linear mixed models applied to assess changes across the follow-up. At baseline, BMI, %BF, fat mass, and FMI (p for trend < 0.05) had lower means at the highest quintile of calcium intake whereas FFM and FFMI had higher means (p for trend < 0.05), especially for boys. During follow-up, boys had decreased FMI at the 4th and 5th quintiles of calcium intake (p < 0.05); among girls, only WC was significantly lower at the 4th quintile than in the 1st. These results support the hypothesis that low calcium intake increases adiposity among adolescents.

Estudos epidemiológicos têm sustentado a hipótese que a ingestão de cálcio na dieta pode proteger contra a adiposidade. O estudo teve como objetivo estimar a associação entre ingestão de cálcio e indicadores de adiposidade durante a adolescência. O estudo de coorte analisou adolescentes do Ensino Médio (n = 962) de escolas selecionadas na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil acompanhados entre 2010 e 2012. A ingestão de cálcio foi avaliada com um questionário validado de autorrelato de frequência alimentar. Foram realizadas análises transversais e longitudinais de ingestão de cálcio em relação ao índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura (CC), percentual de gordura corporal (%GC), massa gorda (MG), massa magra (MM), índice de massa gorda (IMG) e índice de massa magra (IMM). A análise transversal usou ANOVA com dados da linha de base, e modelos mistos lineares foram aplicados para avaliar as mudanças ao longo do seguimento. Na linha de base, foram observados valores médios mais baixos para IMC, %GC, MG e IMG (p para tendência < 0,05) no quintil mais alto de ingestão de cálcio, em que foram estimados valores médios mais altos de massa magra e índice de massa magra (p para tendência < 0,05), principalmente em meninos. Durante o seguimento, os meninos mostraram uma redução no IMG no quarto e quinto quintis de ingestão de cálcio comparado com o primeiro quintil (p < 0,05), enquanto nas meninas, apenas a CC foi significativamente mais baixa no quarto quintil de ingestão de cálcio comparado com o primeiro quintil. Os resultados corroboram a hipótese do papel da baixa ingestão de cálcio no aumento da adiposidade em adolescentes.

Los estudios epidemiológicos han apoyado la hipótesis de que la ingesta de calcio en la dieta puede ser protectora de la adiposidad. El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la asociación del calcio dietético con los indicadores de adiposidad durante la adolescencia. Se trata de un estudio de cohorte con adolescentes de secundaria (n = 962) de escuelas seleccionadas del Área Metropolitana de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, que fueron seguidas desde 2010 hasta 2012. La ingesta de calcio se evaluó mediante un cuestionario validado de frecuencia de alimentos autoinformado. Se realizaron análisis transversales y longitudinales de la ingesta de calcio en la dieta en relación con el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la circunferencia de la cintura (CC), el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC), la masa grasa (MG), la masa libre de grasa (MLG), el índice de masa grasa (IMG) y el índice de masa libre de grasa (IMLG). Se utilizó el ANOVA para el análisis transversal, utilizando los datos de referencia y se aplicaron modelos lineales mixtos para evaluar los cambios a lo largo del seguimiento. En la línea de base, se observaron medias más bajas de IMC, %GC, MG e IMLG (p para tendencia < 0,05) en el quintil más alto de ingesta de calcio, para el que se estimaron medias más altas de MLG y IMLG (p para tendencia < 0,05), especialmente para los chicos. Durante el seguimiento, los chicos presentaron una reducción del IMLG en el 4º y 5º quintiles de ingesta de calcio (p < 0,05), mientras que entre las chicas, sólo la CC fue significativamente menor en el 4º quintil de ingesta de calcio en comparación con el 1º. Estos resultados apoyan la hipótesis de que la baja ingesta de calcio puede tener un papel en el aumento de la adiposidad entre los adolescentes.

High fat diet and high polyphenols beverages effects in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activity.

BACKGROUND: High fat diets have been implicated in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Polyphenols from grapes may reduce ROS and restore oxidative balance. The aim of this study is to investigate the antioxidant properties of high polyphenols beverages associated with a high fat diet in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty female rats were divided into five groups: a) control group (CG) - control diet (4% fat); b) high fat diet group (HFD) - high fat diet (20% fat); c) grape juice group (GJ) - grape juice (15 ml/day) + high fat diet; d) red wine group (RW) - red wine (10 ml/day) + high fat diet; and e) resveratrol solution group (RS) - resveratrol solution (15 ml/day) + high fat diet. Eight weeks later, the superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were measured. Superoxide dismutase activity was assayed by measuring the inhibition of adrenaline auto-oxidation, catalase by the decrease rate in hydrogen peroxide and glutathione peroxidase by monitoring the oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Non-enzymatic antioxidant activity was assessed by oxygen radical absorbance capacity and DDPH (free radical sequestration 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydracil) method in the animal's plasma. RESULTS: GC and GJ presented the lowest glutathione peroxidase activity, pointing to a possible protective effect of grape juice against high levels of ROS (p < 0.05). RW increased catalase activity when compared to the RS (p <0 .05). Superoxide dismutase activity and non-enzymatic antioxidant plasma activity were similar in all groups. CONCLUSION: Grape juice showed to be the most effective in minimizing the deleterious effects of a high fat diet. Resveratrol did not present any benefit and red wine possibly shows a harmful effect due to ethanol content.

Effect of grape juice consumption on antioxidant activity and interleukin-6 concentration in lactating rats / Efecto del consumo de zumo de uva en la actividad antioxidante y la concentración de interleucina-6 en ratas lactantes

Objective: This study evaluated the effect of grape juice consumption on the antioxidant capacity and the interleukin-6 blood level of lactating rats. Material and method: Eighteen Wistar rats, lactating females adult, were divided into two groups: control group (CG) and grape juice group (GJG). The antioxidant activity was determined by the method of 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-kidnapping of free radicals (DPPH) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and the interleukin-6 was determined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. The data were presented as mean and standard deviation. Results: The antioxidant capacity was higher (p < 0.05) in the GJG (25.00 ± 3.08 μmol eq. Trolox/g) than in the CG (10.00 ± 3.11 μmol eq. Trolox/g), by the ORAC method. The interleukin-6 (pg/ml) level was lower in the grape juice group than in CG. Conclusion: The consumption of grape juice during lactation improves the antioxidant capacity in lactating rats and seems capable to decrease the inflammatory activity (AU)

Introducción: este estudio evaluó el efecto del consumo de zumo de uva sobre la capacidad antioxidante y el nivel de interleucina-6 en sangre de ratas lactantes. Material y método: dieciocho ratas Wistar lactantes adultas se dividieron en dos grupos: grupo control (CG) y grupo de zumo de uva (GJU). La actividad antioxidante se determinó mediante el método de secuestro de radicales libres (DPPH) y la Capacidad de Absorción Radical de Oxígeno (ORAC) por 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH), y la interleucina-6 se determinó mediante Inmunosorbent Enzyme-linked Método de ensayo (ELISA). Los datos se presentaron como media y desviación estándar. Resultados: la capacidad antioxidante fue mayor (p < 0,05) en el GJU (25,00 ± 3,08 μmol ecuación Trolox/g) que en el CG (10,00 ± 3,11 μmol ecuación Trolox/g), según el método ORAC. El nivel de interleucina-6 (pg/ml) fue menor en el grupo de zumo de uva que en CG. Conclusión: el consumo de zumo de uva durante la lactancia mejora la capacidad antioxidante de las ratas lactantes y parece ser capaz de disminuir la actividad inflamatoria (AU)

Anemia in pregnancy: impact on weight and in the development of anemia in newborn / Anemia gestacional: influencia de la anemia sobre el peso y el desarrollo del recién nacido

Introduction: nutritional deficiencies are still a common problem during pregnancy causing anemia. Gestational anemia is still considered a public health problem in Brazil, because it is hazardous to both mother and fetus, and is associated with increased risk of maternal-fetal morbidity, as well as the nutritional status of child. Objective: to evaluate the frequency of maternal gestational anemia in newborns and its relation to the nutritional status of the child at birth. Methods: anthropometric data of pregnant women and their newborns were obtained. Blood was collected from pregnant women and the umbilical cord of newborns for analysis of hemoglobin, hematocrit, RDW, iron, ferritin and transferrin saturation index in automatic devices. The results are presented such as the arithmetic mean and the standard deviation. GraphPadinStat® Software version 3.0 was used, with a maximum significance level of 5%. Results: the frequency of maternal anemia was 53.7%, and 32.6% in newborns. Half the newborns were anemic children of anemic mothers. 79.3% of the anemic pregnant women had mild anemia and in 20.7% moderate. The average concentration of hemoglobin and hematocrit was lower in anemic pregnant women (9.7 ± 0.9 g/dL and 29.8 ± 3.2%) compared with non-anemic (11.9 ± 0.7 g/ dL and 36.5 ± 2.7%). The maternal iron was positively correlated with ferritin (r = 0.3889, p = 0.01) from umbilical cord blood. The newborns’ weight, length and head circumference of anemic mothers were 3 375.9 ± 506,9 g, 51.2 ± 1.7 cm and 34.5 ± 1.5 cm, respectively, while of nonanemic mothers were 3 300.2 ± 458,4 g, 50.3 ± 2.0 cm and 34.2 ± 2.0 cm, respectively. There were no significant correlations between maternal hemoglobin, iron and ferritin with weight, length and head circumference of newborns. Conclusion: the results of this study show that maternal iron deficiency anemia (mild to moderate) can affect the blood profile and iron concentrations in umbilical cord blood of newborns, but without interfering with the child’s anthropometric parameters (AU)

Introducción: la anemia gestacional todavía se considera un problema de salud pública en Brasil y se asocia con un mayor riesgo de morbilidad materno-fetal y el estado nutricional de los niños en el período posparto. Objetivo: evaluar la frecuencia de la anemia gestacional materna en recién nacidos y su relación con el estado nutricional del niño al nacer. Métodos: se obtuvieron datos antropométricos de las mujeres embarazadas y los recién nacidos. Se recogieron muestras de sangre de mujeres embarazadas y de cordón umbilical de los recién nacidos para su posterior análisis de hemoglobina, hematocrito, ADE, hierro, ferritina e índice de saturación de transferrina en dispositivos automatizados. Los resultados se presentan como media y la desviación estándar. Fue utilizado el software GraphPadinStat®, versión 3.0 y se aceptó un nivel de significación del 5%. Resultados: la frecuencia de anemia materna era de 53,7% y 32,6% en los recién nacidos. La mitad de los recién nacidos eran niños anémicos de madres anémicas. De las mujeres embarazadas con anemia, el 79,3% tenían anemia leve y el 20,7% moderada. La concentración media de hemoglobina y hematocrito fue menor en las mujeres embarazadas con anemia (9,7 ± 0,9 g/ dl y 29,8 ± 3,2%) en comparación con las no anémicas (11,9 ± 0,7 g/dl y 36,5 ± 2,7%), como se esperaba. El nivel de hierro de la madre se correlacionó positivamente con ferritina (r = 0,389; p = 0,01) a partir de la sangre del cordón umbilical. El peso, la longitud y la circunferencia de la cabeza de los niños nacidos de madres anémicas fueron: 3.375,9 ± 506,9 g, 51,2 ± 1,7 cm y 34,5 ± 1,5 cm, respectivamente, mientras que entre los recién nacidos de madres no anémicas fueron: 3.300,2 ± 458,4 g, 50,3 ± 2,0 cm y 34,2 ± 2,0 cm, respectivamente. No se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre la hemoglobina, el hierro y la ferritina de la madre, y el peso, la longitud y la circunferencia de la cabeza de los recién nacidos. Conclusión: la frecuencia de anemia leve es elevada tanto en la madre como en el nenonato. Sin embargo, no influye en los parámetros antropométricos del recién nacido (AU)

Effect of the intake of liquids rich in polyphenols on blood pressure and fat liver deposition in rats submitted to high-fat diet / Efecto de la ingesta de líquidos ricos en polifenoles sobre la presión arterial y de la deposición de grasa hepática en ratas sometidas a dieta rica en grasas

Introduction: seeking better quality of life, the number of studies on functional foods and disease prevention is growing fast. Whole red grape juice (WRGJ) and red wine (RW) stand out, which are rich in polyphenols, showing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Objective: to evaluate the effect of WRGJ and RW intake and resveratrol solution (RS) on blood pressure and fat liver deposition of rats fed with high-fat diet. Material and methods: during 60 days, 50 Rattus norvegicus Wistar Albino adults were divided into: control group (CG) - balanced diet, hyperlipidic group (HG), red wine group (RWG), grape juice group (JGG) and resveratrol group (RG) - hyperlipidic diet. Feed and water were offered ad libttum to all groups. WRGJ, RW and RS were offered daily to JG, WG and RG, respectively. Blood pressure was measured using tail plestimograph. The animals were anesthetized, sacrificed and the liver was removed, weighed and fat was extracted using Soxhlet extractor. Results: no difference in weight gain, feed intake, liver weight and diastolic blood pressure among groups was observed. However, systolic blood pressure (mmHg) and liver fat concentration (g%) were lower (p< 0.05) in JGG than in HG, WG and RG, but similar to CG. Conclusions: the daily consumption of WRGJ minimizes the effects of high-fat diet on systolic blood pressure and prevents nonalcoholic fatty infiltration in the liver of animals, which was not observed in the consumption of RW or resveratrol solution (AU)

Introducción: en busca de una mejor calidad de vida, crece el número de estudios sobre alimentos funcionales y la prevención de enfermedades. Destacan el jugo de uva roja (JU) y el vino tinto (VT), que son ricos en polifenoles, y tienen efecto antioxidante y antiinflamatorio. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de la ingesta de JU, VT y solución de resveratrol (SR) sobre la presión arterial y la deposición de grasa hepática en ratas alimentadas con una dieta rica en grasas. Métodos: durante 60 días, 50 adultos de Rattus norvegicus Wistar Albino fueron divididos en grupos: control (GC) - dieta equilibrada y hiperlipídica (GH), vino tinto (GV), jugo de uva (JV) y resveratrol (GR) - dieta rica en grasas. El alimento y el agua se ofrecieron ad libttum a todos los grupos. JU, VT y SR se ofrecen diariamente a la GS, GV y GR, respectivamente. Se midió la presión arterial en la cola mediante manguito inflable. Los animales fueron anestesiados y sacrificados y se les extirpó el hígado, que fue pesado y del cual se extrajo la grasa con el extractor Soxhlet. Resultados: no hubo diferencia en la ganancia de peso, consumo de alimento, peso del hígado y presión arterial diastólica entre los grupos. Sin embargo, la presión arterial sistólica (mmHg) y la concentración de grasa en el hígado (g%) fueron menores (p< 0,05) en los GJ que en GH, GV y GR, pero similar a la GC. Conclusiones: el consumo diario de JU minimiza los efectos de la dieta alta en grasas en la presión arterial sis tólica y previene la infiltración grasa no alcohólica en el hígado de los animales, que no se observó en el consumo de VT o resveratrol aislado en solución (AU)

Effect of the "protein diet" and bone tissue / Efecto de la "dieta de proteína" y el tejido óseo

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the hyperproteic diet consumption on bone tissue. Methods: The study was conducted during sixty days. Twenty eight Wistar albinus rats, adults, originated from Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition were divided in four groups: (n = 7); Control 1 (C1), Control 2 (C2), Hyperproteic1 (HP1) e Hyperproteic 2 (HP2). The C2 and HP2groups were submitted to 30% of food restriction. The hyperproteic diet was based on the Atkins diet and prepared to simulate the protein diet. At the end of the studythe animals were anesthetized to performer bone densitometry analyses by DEXA and blood and tissue collection. Serum and bone minerals analyses were conducted bycolorimetric methods in automated equipment. Results: The total bone mineral density (BMD) of the pelvis and the spine of the food restriction groups (HP2 eC2) were lower (p < 0.05) than C1 e HP1 groups. While the femur BMD of the HP2 was lower (p < 0.05) related to others groups. It had been observed reduction (p < 0.05)in the medium point of the width of femur diaphysis and in bone calcium level in the hyperproteic groups (HP1 eHP2). It was observed similar effect on the osteocalcinlevel, that presented lower (p < 0.05) in the hyperproteicgroups. The insulin level was lower only in HP2 and serum calcium of the HP1 and HP2 groups was lower than C1.Conclusion: The protein diet promotes significant bonechange on femur and in the hormones levels related to bone synthesis and maintenance of this tissue (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la ingesta de proteínas de la dieta sobre el hueso. Métodos: El estudio duró 60 días. Veintiocho adultos albinas Wistar, del Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental fueron divididos en 4 grupos (n = 7), Control 1 (C1), de control2 (C2), en la proteína 1 (HP1) y en la proteína 2 (HP2).Los grupos C2 y HP2 fueron alimentados restringido a30%. Los niveles de proteína dietéticos fueron manipulados para simular la dieta de la proteína. Al final del experimento, los animales fueron anestesiados para los procedimientos de densitometría ósea (DEXA) y la recogida de tejidos. Análisis de mineral óseo en suero y se realizaron por el método colorimétrico utilizando un aparato automático. Resultados: La densidad mineral ósea total (BMD), la pelvis y la columna vertebral de los grupos con la restricción dietética (HP2 y C2) fue menor (p < 0,05) que en los grupos C1 y HP1. Mientras que el grupo HP2 fémur fue menor (p < 0,05) en comparación con otros grupos. Disminución(p < 0,05) de la anchura del punto medio de la diáfisis femoral y la concentración de calcio en los grupos de hueso hiperproteicos (HP1 y HP2). Se observó un efecto similar en osteocalcina en suero, que fue menor(p < 0,05) en los grupos de hiperproteicos mientras que la concentración de insulina fue más bajo sólo en el grupo deHP2. Ya hiperproteicos de calcio en suero y los grupos C2mostraron menor (p < 0,05) el grupo C1.Conclusión: La dieta de la proteína promueve cambios significativos en el hueso en el fémur y la concentración de hormonas relacionadas con la formación y el mantenimiento de este tejido (AU)

Composition of breast milk of lactating adolescents in function of time of lactation / Composición de la leche de madres lactantes adolescentes en relación con el tiempo de lactancia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the composition of breast milk of lactating adolescents in function of lactation time. Methods: We followed 51 lactating adolescents, between the 6th and 14th weeks postpartum (WPP). The determination of fat, protein and lactose in milk were conducted, respectively, by the methods of Lucas, Lowry and Perry & Doan. Micronutrients were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Data was presented by the mean and standard error. ANOVA with repeated measures was used and Tukey as post test. It was accepted a significance level of 5%. Results: There was a significant reduction (P<0.05) in protein content during the postpartum weeks studied (6th: 16.6 ± 1.1; 10th: 13.7 ± 1.0; 14th WPP: 12.3 ± 1.1 g/day). The lactose (6th: 60.2 ± 1.9; 10th: 60.4 ± 2.6; 14th WPP: 65.1 ± 4.0 g/day) and fat (6th: 41.6 ± 3.3; 10th: 36.2 ± 3.4; 14th WPP: 31.5 ± 9.0 g/day) concentration remained unaffected. The zinc concentration in the breast milk was lower than that is commonly found in literature (mean 1.16 mg/day). The copper, iron, calcium and phosphorus concentration was sufficient to meet the needs of the infants between 0 and 6 months old. Conclusion: The lactation period did not influence the concentration of micronutrients, lactose and lipids, but there is a reduction on protein of the breast milk. In spite of the reducing concentration of protein, it is sufficient to meet the needs of infants from 0 to 6 months old (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la composición de la leche materna de lactantes adolescentes en función del tiempo de la lactancia. Métodos: Se siguieron 51 adolescentes lactantes, entre la semana 6 y 14 después del parto (WPP). Se llevaron a cabo la determinación de grasa, proteína y lactosa de la leche, respectivamente, por los métodos de Lucas, Lowry y Perry & Doan. Los micronutrientes se determinaron por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. Los datos fueron presentados por la media y el error estándar. ANOVA con medidas repetidas se utilizó Tukey como prueba post. Se aceptó un nivel de significación del 5%. Resultados: Se observó una reducción significativa (P <0,05) en el contenido de proteína en las semanas después del parto estudiados (sexto: 16,6 ± 1,1; 10 a: 13,7 ± 1,0; 14a SPP: 12,3 ± 1,1 g/day). La lactosa (sexto: 60,2 ± 1,9; 10o: 60,4 ± 2,6; 14 a SPP: 65,1 ± 4,0 g/day) y grasa (sexto: 41,6 ± 3,3; 10o: 36,2 ± 3,4; 14 a SPP: 31,5 ± 9,0 g/day) concentración no se vio afectado. La concentración de zinc en la leche materna fue menor que se encuentra comúnmente en la literatura (media de 1,16 mg / día). La concentración de cobre, hierro, calcio y fósforo es suficiente para satisfacer las necesidades de los niños entre 0 y 6 meses de edad. Conclusión: El período de lactancia no influyó en la concentración de micronutrientes, la lactosa y los lípidos, pero hay una reducción en la proteína de la leche materna. A pesar de la reducción de la concentración de proteína, que es suficiente para satisfacer las necesidades de los bebés de 0 a 6 meses de edad (AU)

Seric ion level and its relationship with the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in young women / Nivel de iones sérica y su relación con los síntomas del síndrome premenstrual en mujeres jóvenes

The aim of the study was to evaluate the seric ions level and its relationship with Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) symptoms in young women. Method: Ninety-three volunteers were monitored for three months. The nutritional status evaluation was based on BMI. Three "maps of daily symptoms" were used to investigate the frequency of the SPM symptoms. The biochemical evaluation was done in the first month in the luteal phase. The levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium were determined by colorimetric methods. The hemoglobin and hematocrit concentration were determined by conventional methods. Results: The symptoms like anxiety (1,13; 0,81; 0,66), edema (0,99; 0,51; e 0,22), depression (0,58; 0,36; 0,20) and mastalgia (0,56; 0,35; 0,09) were the most evident in the menstrual than luteal and follicular phase. A small number of volunteers presented hypocalemia (1,4%), hyponatremia (4,22%) and hypernatremia (7,04%). However, the higher number of the volunteers presented lower calcium level (83,09%). The frequency of anemic women was high (24%). Significant associations (P < 0.05) were observed between the anxiety symptom and sodium (r = 0,2630); and magnesium and depression (r = 0,2508) and nauseas (r = 2882). Conclusions: The anemia and hypocalcemia is a important nutritional problem. The regulation of the calcium serum level seems to be affected in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and the sodium and magnesium ions influence some psychological (anxiety and depression) and gastrointestinal (nausea and constipation) symptoms (AU)

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el nivel de iones séricos y su relación con el síndrome premenstrual (PMS) Los síntomas en las mujeres jóvenes. Método: Noventa y tres voluntarios fueron monitoreados durante tres meses. La evaluación del estado nutricional se basa en el índice de masa corporal. Tres "mapas de síntomas diarios" se utilizaron para investigar la frecuencia de los síntomas de SPM. La evaluación bioquímica se realizó en el primer mes de la fase lútea. Los niveles de sodio, de potasio, de calcio, de magnesio se determinaron por métodos colorimétricos. La concentración de hemoglobina y hematocrito se determinaron por métodos convencionales. Resultados: Los síntomas como la ansiedad (1,13, 0,81, 0,66), edema (0,99, 0,51, 0,22 e), depresión (0,58, 0,36, 0,20) y la mastalgia (0,56; 0,35; 0,09) fueron los más evidentes en el ciclo menstrual de lútea y la fase folicular. Un pequeño número de voluntarios presentó hipocalemia (1,4%), hiponatremia (4,22%) y la hipernatremia (7,04%). Sin embargo, el mayor número de los voluntarios presentó menor nivel de calcio (83,09%). La frecuencia de las mujeres anémicas fue alta (24%). Se encontraron asociaciones significativas (P < 0,05) entre el síntoma de ansiedad y sodio (r = 0,2630), y magnesio y la depresión (r = 0,2508) y náuseas (r = 2,882). Conclusiones: La anemia y la hipocalcemia es un problema nutricional importante. La regulación de la concentración sérica de calcio parece ser afectada en la fase lútea del ciclo menstrual y el sodio y los iones de magnesio influir en algunos (ansiedad y depresión) psicológica y los síntomas gastrointestinales (náuseas y estreñimiento) (AU)

[Nutritional status of lactanting adolescents in different postpartum weeks]. / Estado nutricional de nutrizes adolescentes em diferentes semanas pós-parto.

PURPOSE: to evaluate changes in the nutritional status of lactating adolescents in different postpartum weeks. METHOD: this is an analytical, observational, longitudinal study. Lactating adolescents were followed-up from the 5th to the 15th postpartum week (PPW). The nutritional status was evaluated in the 5th, 10th and 15th PPW by the Body Mass Index (BMI/age). A colorimetric method was used to determine hemoglobin level and microcentrifugation to define hematocrit. ANOVA with repeated measures was used to compare means, followed by the Tukey post-test. The level of significance was 5%. RESULTS: modification in nutritional status was observed from the pregestational period to the 15th PPW, with a reduction in the frequency of lactating adolescents with low weight (from 21% to 9%) and a rise in the frequency of overweight (21% to 27%) and eutrophic (58% to 64%) adolescents. Although mean hemoglobin (12.3 ± 1.7 g/dL) and hematocrit (39.0 ± 4.0%) levels were normal, a high frequency of anemia (30%) was observed throughout the study period. CONCLUSION: the present results show that the body weight of lactating adolescents rises during the lactation period and could lead to a higher frequency of obesity among adolescents. Anemia is still a nutritional problem, not only during pregnancy, but also during the postpartum period. It is necessary to prevent and treat probable subclinical nutritional deficiencies at this biological time.

Estado nutricional de nutrizes adolescentes em diferentes semanas pós-parto / Nutritional status of lactanting adolescents in different postpartum weeks

OBJETIVO: avaliar as modificações do estado nutricional de nutrizes adolescentes em diferentes momentos no pós-parto. MÉTODO: estudo do tipo analítico observacional longitudinal, com acompanhamento de 50 nutrizes adolescentes da 5ª a 15ª semana pós-parto (SPP). O estado nutricional foi avaliado na 5ª, 10ª e 15ª SPP, com uso do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC/idade). Foi utilizado o método colorimétrico para avaliação da hemoglobina e microcentrifugação para o hematócrito. Usou-se ANOVA com medidas de repetição e Tukey como pós-teste, para comparação das médias. Trabalhou-se com nível de significância de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: observou-se modificação no estado nutricional do período pré-gestacional para a 15ª SPP, com diminuição na frequência de voluntárias com baixo peso (de 21 por cento para 9 por cento) e aumento nos casos de sobrepeso (de 21 por cento para 27 por cento) e eutrofia (58 por cento para 64 por cento). Apesar de, em média, as concentrações de hemoglobina (12,3±1,7g/dL) e hematócrito (39,0±4,0 por cento) apresentarem-se adequados, observou-se grande frequência de anemia (30 por cento) durante todo o período estudado. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados mostram incremento no peso corporal em função do tempo de lactação, aumentando o problema da obesidade na adolescência. Também foi apontado que a anemia é um problema nutricional, não apenas durante a gestação, mas também na lactação em adolescentes. Portanto, deve-se prevenir e tratar possíveis deficiências nutricionais subclínicas existentes neste momento biológico.

PURPOSE: to evaluate changes in the nutritional status of lactating adolescents in different postpartum weeks. METHOD: this is an analytical, observational, longitudinal study. Lactating adolescents were followed-up from the 5th to the 15th postpartum week (PPW). The nutritional status was evaluated in the 5th, 10th and 15th PPW by the Body Mass Index (BMI/age). A colorimetric method was used to determine hemoglobin level and microcentrifugation to define hematocrit. ANOVA with repeated measures was used to compare means, followed by the Tukey post-test. The level of significance was 5 percent. RESULTS: modification in nutritional status was observed from the pregestational period to the 15th PPW, with a reduction in the frequency of lactating adolescents with low weight (from 21 percent to 9 percent) and a rise in the frequency of overweight (21 percent to 27 percent) and eutrophic (58 percent to 64 percent) adolescents. Although mean hemoglobin (12.3±1.7 g/dL) and hematocrit (39.0±4.0 percent) levels were normal, a high frequency of anemia (30 percent) was observed throughout the study period. CONCLUSION: the present results show that the body weight of lactating adolescents rises during the lactation period and could lead to a higher frequency of obesity among adolescents. Anemia is still a nutritional problem, not only during pregnancy, but also during the postpartum period. It is necessary to prevent and treat probable subclinical nutritional deficiencies at this biological time.

Estado nutricional e consumo alimentar de mulheres jovens na fase lútea e folicular do ciclo menstrual / Nutritional status and food consumption of young women in the luteal and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o estado nutricional e a ingestão alimentar de mulheres adultas sadias durante o ciclo menstrual. MÉTODOS: Quarenta e cinco voluntárias foram acompanhadas durante três meses. A avaliação do estado nutricional foi baseada no índice de massa corporal, porcentagem de gordura e água corporal. Foram aplicados seis registros alimentares para análise da ingestão dos grupos de alimentos, usando como base o guia alimentar da pirâmide. Para a observação do sintoma "desejos alimentares", foram utilizados três "mapas de sintomas diários". RESULTADOS: Os valores médios de índice de massa corporal e de porcentagem de gordura corporal apresentaram-se normais em ambas as fases, entretanto foi observado maior percentual de mulheres com água corporal acima do padrão na fase lútea (77 por cento). O consumo de alimentos do grupo complementar foi maior na fase lútea. Todos os outros grupos de alimentos, com exceção do grupo de carnes, apresentaram consumo inferior às recomendações, em ambas as fases. A intensidade do sintoma "desejos alimentares" foi leve durante o ciclo menstrual, não sendo observada diferença significativa entre as fases. O sintoma "desejos alimentares" associou-se positivamente com o aumento da ingestão do grupo complementar na fase lútea. CONCLUSÃO: O ciclo menstrual influencia o comportamento alimentar e leva à retenção hídrica, na fase lútea, em mulheres adultas sadias.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the nutritional status and food intake of healthy young women during the menstrual cycle. METHODS: Forty-five volunteers were followed for three months. Their nutritional status was determined by body mass index, body fat and total body water. Six food recall instruments were used to evaluate food group intake according to the food guide pyramid. Food cravings were detected by three daily symptom charts. RESULTS: The mean body mass index and body fat were normal in both phases; however, there was a higher percentage of women with above-average body water during the luteal phase (77 percent). The consumption of foods from the complementary group was higher during the luteal phase. The consumption of foods from all other groups during both phases was below the recommended levels, except for meats. Food cravings were mild during the entire menstrual cycle and there were no significant differences between the phases. Food cravings were positively associated with increased intake of foods from the complementary group. CONCLUSION: In healthy women, the menstrual cycle influences food consumption and the luteal phase causes water retention.

Ganho de peso, hemoglobina e hematócrito de ratos recebendo dieta de Quissamã, RJ, com ou sem suplemento alimentar alternativo / Weight gain, hemoglobin and hematocrit of rats receiving the Quissamã's diet with or without an alternative food supplement

Avaliou-se o suplemento alimentar alternativo adicionado à Dieta de Quissamã, consumida por crianças desnutridas inscritas no Subprograma da Multimistura da Secretaria de Saúde do município de Quissamã, RJ. O ensaio biológico foi desenvolvido durante 28 dias com 42 Rattus norvegicus, Wistar, machos (26 dias), do Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental da Universidade Federal Fluminense, divididos em sete grupos: 1) Grupo Controle (dieta à base de caseína) adicionado de vitaminas e minerais; 2) GCvm adicionado do Suplemento Alimentar; 3) Grupo Controle adicionado do Suplemento Alimentar; 4) Grupo Quissamã, à base da Dieta de Quissamã; 5) Grupo Quissamã adicionado de vitaminas e minerais; 6) GQvm adicionado do Suplemento Alimentar; e 7) Grupo Quissamã adicionado do Suplemento Alimentar. Agua e ração foram ofertados com livre acesso, e o pesos dos animais e o consumo de ração foram medidos a cada dois dias. O sangue foi coletado no 28º dia para análise. O Grupo Controle adicionado do Suplemento Alimentar apresentou perda de peso significativa (p<0,05) comparada aos demais grupos e níveis de hemoglobina e hematócrito significativamente elevados em relação aos demais Grupos Controles. O Grupo Quissamã apresentou o maior valor de hemoglobina e o Grupo Controle adicionado do Suplemento Alimentar obteve o maior valor de hematócito, dentre todos os grupos que receberam ração de Quissamã. A suplementação da Dieta de Quissamã não se mostrou necessária neste experimento.

Influência da multimistura na gestação de ratas: pesos materno e fetal e triglicerídeos séricos / Multimixture influence on rats gestation: maternal and fetal weights and serum triglycerides

O presente estudo visa determinar a influência da multimistura (MM) sobre o ganho de peso materno e fetal e sobre a hipertrigliceridemia materna no final do período gestacional. Foram utilizadas ratas Wistar (n= 120), divididas em quatro grupos: a) à base da dieta habitual do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (HERJ); b) à base da dieta habitual do Estado do Rio de Janeiro adicionada de 2 por cento de MM (HERJ+MM); c) à base de caseína (CAS1) com 12 por cento de proteína; d) controle caseína (CAS2) com 20 por cento de proteína. Os pesos materno e fetal foram registrados semanalmente nos dias 7, 14 e 21 do experimento. Para a determinação dos triglicerídeos séricos (mg/dL) foram usados Kits BioClin (Química Básica-Quibasa, BH). De acordo com os resultados, a complementação da dieta HERJ com 2 por cento de multimistura não aumentou o ganho de peso materno e fetal e não alterou a hipertrigliceridemia fisiológica. Conclui-se que a utilização da multimistura, na proporção usada durante a gestação, não possui nenhum efeito sobre os parâmetros estudados

Utilizaçäo da multimistura durante a lactaçäo e seus efeitos na produçäo e composiçäo do leite materno de ratas / Use of multimixture during lactation and its effects on production and composition of rat milk

A multimistura, composta por farelos, pós de folhas verdes, pós de sementes e pó de casca de ovo, vem sendo amplamente recomendada para aumentar a produçäo de leite materno, porém sem bases cintíficas que confirmem sua eficácia. Este estudo objetivou avaliar o desempenho lactacional de ratas alimentadas com dieta suplementada com 2 por cento de multimistura (MM). Foram utilizados ratos fêmeas da linhagem wistar lactantes com idade entre 90 e 100 dias de vida, divididos nos seguintes grupos (n=12): à base da dieta habitual do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (HERJ); b) dieta HERJ suplementada com 2 por cento de multimistura (HERJ+MM); c) à base de caseína, com 12 por cento de proteínas (CAS1); d) à base de caseína, com 20 por cento de proteínas (CAS2). Foram determinados os macronutrientes proteína, lactose e lipídios e aproduçäo de leite. O grupo HERJ+MM apresentou a menor produçäo de leite (pmenor 0,05) e o menor conteúdo de lactose, quando comparado com os outros. Portanto, conclui-se que a performance lactacional das ratas cuja raçäo foi suplementada com 2 por cento de multimistura apresentou-se diminuida